Two Faces Of Deviance by John Braithwaite

Braithwaite (2013) ‘ Strategic socialism, strategic privatisation and crises’ Australian Journal of Corporate Law 28(1), 35-59. Moloney (2014) Pharmaceuticals, Corporate Crime and Public Health. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Braithwaite (2016) ‘ In Search of Donald Campbell’ Criminology & Public Policy 15(2), 417-437. Braithwaite (2017) ‘ The Best Way to Rob a Bank.’ International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. Braithwaite (2020) ‘ Sexual assault, corporate crime and restorative practices‘ IIRP Presidential Paper Series, No.2, 1-21.

Braithwaite (2022) ‘ Maximal Accountability with Minimally Sufficient Punishment‘ The Journal of Corporation Law, 47(4) 911-936 FOR RELATED ARTICLES ON CRIMES PERPETRATED BY THE POWERFUL AND PROTECTED BY THEIR LAWS, SEE NCJ-62118-6212-62126.J. FOOTNOTES WHICH INCLUDE REFERENCES ARE INCLUDED. WHEN LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES RECOGNIZE THE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON SOCIETY OF WHITE COLLAR CRIME, THE USE OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS TO DETECT FRAUD AND INCREASED PUBLICITY AND PENALTIES FOR OFFENDERS, COULD MITIGATE THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY WHITE COLLAR CRIME. THESE DIFFERENCES REFLECT SOCIETY'S ATTITUDE TOWARD WHITE COLLAR CRIME AS WELL AS CRIMINALS' ATTITUDES TOWARD THEMSELVES. IN CONTRAST, COMMON CRIMINALS ARE TREATED HARSHLY BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, GIVEN ADVERSE PUBLICITY IN THE MEDIA, AND HAVE DIFFICULTY FINDING FUTURE EMPLOYMENT.

THIS LENIENCY, BASED ON MEDIBANK OFFICIALS' FEAR OF LOSING THE SUPPORT OF DOCTORS, IS TYPICAL OF GOVERNMENT AND MEDIA ATTITUDES AND POLICIES TOWARD WHITE COLLAR CRIME. OFFENDERS HAVE BEEN TREATED LENIENTLY, USUALLY WITH ONLY A WARNING. ONLY 40 CASES OF FRAUD HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED BY MEDIBANK OFFICIALS. MEDIBANK OFFICIALS HAVE DONE LITTLE TO CONTROL THESE ABUSES. THE PRACTICE OF BULK BILLING HAS FACILITATED THESE ABUSES. FULL FEES HAVE BEEN CHARGED FOR SHORT VISITS INVOLVING LITTLE OR NO TREATMENT TO GERIATRIC PATIENTS IN NURSING HOMES OR HOSPITALS. OTHER ABUSES INCLUDE CHARGING FOR SERVICES NEVER RENDERED, CHARGING FEES FOR IMAGINARY PATIENTS, CHARGING FOR LONGER CONSULTATIONS THAN WERE GIVEN, AND CHARGING FOR AFTERHOURS WORK ACTUALLY DONE WITHIN HOURS. ONE FORM OF ABUSE IS PROVIDING UNNEEDED SERVICES, ESPECIALLY UNNECESSARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND SURGERY, TO MEDIBANK PATIENTS. THE INCOMES OF DOCTORS IN PRIVATE PRACTICE HAVE INCREASED 55 PERCENT IN THE PAST YEAR, PADDED BY ABUSES OF MEDIBANK. ALTHOUGH DOCTORS OPPOSING MEDIBANK'S ESTABLISHMENT CLAIMED THAT PATIENTS WOULD ABUSE THE SYSTEM, IT HAS BEEN DOCTORS RATHER THAN PATIENTS WHO HAVE ABUSED IT IN THE 3 YEARS SINCE ITS INCEPTION.

Two Faces Of Deviance by John Braithwaite